# Surfaces / Slabs¶

Surfaces and Slabs are widely used crystallographic concepts. A general theoretical background is offered in the expandable section below for the readers unfamiliar with the topic. The rest of this documentation page explains how the surface/slab generation is implemented in the Materials Designer interface.

## Theoretical background¶

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### Miller indices¶

Crystal surfaces are defined in terms of their Miller indices 1. Miller indices are a set of three integer numbers, conventionally expressed in the form $(hkl)$, which constitutes a convenient shorthand notation to refer to an entire family of lattice planes in a crystal. In particular, a generic set of Miller indices $(hkl)$ denotes the family of planes orthogonal to $h\mathbf {b_{1}} +k\mathbf {b_{2}} +\ell \mathbf {b_{3}}$, where $\mathbf {b_{i}}$ are the basis of the reciprocal lattice vectors. However, it is important to caution that the so-defined plane is not always orthogonal to the linear combination of direct lattice vectors $h\mathbf {a_{1}} +k\mathbf {a_{2}} +\ell \mathbf {a_{3}}$, since the reciprocal lattice vectors need not be mutually orthogonal. It is therefore convenient to divide the Miller indices by their minimum common denominator.

### Examples¶

Some examples of planes with different Miller index labels in cubic crystals are depicted below for reference and illustration purposes. Since the reciprocal lattice vectors are indeed mutually orthogonal in this particular cubic case, the $(hkl)$ planes can effectively be taken to be always perpendicular to the $(hkl)$ direction in the crystal relative to the conventional Cartesian coordinate system.

### Surface vs Slab¶

Surface represents an isolated terminal edge of an infinite crystal, whereas a Slab has a finite size and two edges. In practice, when dealing with periodic boundary conditions, a surface is modeled by a slab that is long enough for the electronic states on the edges to be completely independent of each other.

## Accessing the Surface / Slab generator¶

By clicking on the Surface / slab option in the Advanced menu, the surface/slab generator can be accessed. The user should expect to encounter the following dialog:

## Constructing surfaces and slabs¶

### Miller indices $(hkl)$¶

Start by entering the Miller indices $(hkl)$ of the corresponding crystal plane. This information will section the selected crystal structure across the desired plane.

### Thickness in number of layers¶

The desired "thickness in layers" greater than unity can be entered in this field.

### Vacuum ratio¶

The vacuum ratio defines the portion of the vertical size (along the surface normal direction, "z") of the unit cell in a slab which is occupied by vacuum, as opposed to the maximum interatomic distance in this direction. The ration is thus measured as a fraction (from zero to one) of the total height of the corresponding unit cell.

### Supercell dimensions in x and y¶

The vertical dimension of a slab or surface structure is normally taken to lie along the z direction. This leaves the basal plane of such structures to lie on the x-y plane of the Cartesian coordinate system. The number of times the crystal unit cell is repeated in both of these x and y basal dimensions is defined in the "Supercell dimension" fields.

NOTE: only integer values are supported for the supercell dimensions at the moment

## Generating the surface / slab¶

Click "Submit" at the bottom of the generator dialog once all the above information has been entered, and the corresponding surface or slab structure will appear in the 3D graphical viewer of the Materials Designer interface.

## Animation¶

In the animation below, we generate a crystalline slab of pure silicon along the (001) plane, composed of three layers of atoms in terms of thickness, and with a 10x10 supercell constituting its base. The final view of the crystal structure is finally adjusted with the help of the interactive features of the 3D viewer, described in this page, to better inspect the overall appearance of the slab with regards to its size, thickness and vacuum ratio relative to the enclosing unit cell.

"metadata": ...
  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 { "isSlab": true, "h": 0, "k": 0, "l": 1, "thickness": 3, "vacuumRatio": 0.8, "vx": 10, "vy": 10, "bulkId": "KFpZWcCPMFW2egjau", "bulkExabyteId": "e3nJ9g7tLaARSA25g" }