# Calculate Reaction Energy Profile Using Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) method¶

This tutorial page explains how to calculate the energy reaction profile and activation barrier for the multi-dimensional energy space of chemical reactions via the Nudged Elastic Bands (NEB) method, by making use of the interpolated sets of intermediate image structures introduced in a separate tutorial.

We consider the example of a one-dimensional, three-atom molecule of Hydrogen (H3) throughout the present tutorial, and shall be making use of VASP as the main simulation engine.

Only the aspects of NEB calculations which are specific to VASP will be reviewed here. For a more general introduction to how such calculations are performed and defined on our platform, the reader is referred to this alternative tutorial page. The same collinear proton transfer chemical reaction of the H3 molecule as in this latter tutorial will be investigated here.

VASP version considered in this tutorial

The present tutorial is written for VASP at versions 5.3.5 or 5.4.4.

## Workflow Structure¶

General instructions on how NEB is implemented under VASP can be found in Ref. 1. An example demonstration of VASP NEB capabilities, for calculating the energy barrier in the case of the self-diffusion of a Pt-adatom on Pt (001), is offered in Ref. 2.

Most importantly, VASP expects there to be a group of pre-existing set folders, within the account-owned collection of materials, named "00" (initial) to "0N" (final), each containing the POSCAR structure file for each of the N images constituting the interpolated set under consideration. All output files (OUTCAR, CONTCAR, OSZICAR etc...) of the NEB-steps run are written to these same directories. These sets are generated automatically on our platform, as explained in what follows.

We describe now the overall structure of the Workflow used for executing NEB calculations on our platform via VASP, which is composed of three main subworkflow operations.

Restrictions on number of computing cores

The number of cores on which VASP is run for NEB purposes has to be an integer multiple of the total number of intermediate images. Hence, if the user is working with 2 intermediate images, the number of cores selected should be 2, 4, 6, or all other even numbers.

### 1. Calculate Initial/Final Total Energies¶

One important point about the VASP NEB workflow is that VASP does not run the calculation for initial and final image structures within the interpolated set.

Consequently, the first subworkflow step consists in executing a pair of self-consistent field (SCF) ground-state energy computations, in order to extract the total energy for both the initial and final images.

This first subworkflow has a separate compute configuration, independent from the rest of the workflow, that can be adjusted by the user under its "Compute" Tab. The reason is that if there are 10 images, at least 10 cores are needed, as mentioned before, but such a large number of cores is not necessarily required for the initial/final total energy SCF calculations performed in the present step.

We also remind the reader that the size of the grid of reciprocal k-points (kgrid) should be set to 1 x 1 x 1 for the case of chemical molecules, such as those considered in the present tutorial. This option can be set under the "Important Settings" Tab of the Workflow Designer Interface.

### 2. Prepare Directories¶

The second subworkflow runs a shell script which prepares the aforementioned directories necessary to run a VASP NEB calculation. This script first puts the initial POSCAR structure file into a set directory named "00", the final one into "0N", and the remaining intermediate images in "01" to "0(N-1)".

The outputs of the previous subworkflow on the SCF calculations applied to the initial and final images are here copied into the initial (00) and final (0N) directories respectively.

### 3. Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) Calculation¶

The third and final subworkflow executes the NEB computation itself through VASP. We note the following important input parameters within the VASP "INCAR" input script:

• "IMAGES" defines the number of interpolated image geometries between the initial and final states within the interpolated set under investigation. This tag is documented in detail in Ref. 3.

• "SPRING" defines the spring constant, in eV/Ang^2, between the images. A negative value turns on nudging.

• "MAGMOM" ensures that the protons have opposite spins. This parameter has to be explicitly set in order to obtain the correct activation barrier, since the VASP NEB routine does not by itself relax the spins.

• "EDIFFG" is important to get the properly relaxed intermediate states, since the default parameters might not be enough. More specifically, this parameter defines the break condition for the ionic relaxation loop. If EDIFFG is negative, such as in our case, the relaxation will stop if all forces are smaller than the absolute value set for this parameter.

An example of INCAR input script for an NEB calculation with VASP is shown below:

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ISTART = 0 EDIFFG = -0.001 IBRION = 1 NELM = 100 NSW = 100 SPRING = -5 ISPIN = 2 ENCUT = 500 MAGMOM = 1 -1 1 IMAGES = 1 

Additional information on further possible input parameters available for VASP NEB calculations can be retrieved in Ref. 4.

Redundant "number of intermediate images" option

The number of intermediate images under "Important Settings" is not used at present for VASP. It will be enabled when support will be added for generating images automatically on our platform.

## Import Interpolated Set¶

The constrained Interpolated Set generated in this other tutorial under the name "NEB CONSTRAINED SET", containing the initial, final and a total of 3 intermediate images of the H3 molecule under investigation, should then be selected and imported into the "Materials Viewer" Tab of the NEB VASP job being designed. This is done by selecting all images contained in the set at the moment of import.

## Create and Submit Job¶

The same set of instructions as in the alternative NEB tutorial should now be followed for importing the relevant VASP NEB workflow from the bank into the account-owned collection, and for later selecting and adding it into the new Job being designed.

## Retrieve Final Optimized Images¶

The final optimized image structures can be retrieved at the end of Job execution according to the instructions contained in this page.

## Animation¶

We demonstrate the above-mentioned steps involved in the creation and execution of an NEB-based reaction energy profile computation on H3 molecules, using the VASP simulation engine, in the following animation. Because we are working with 3 intermediate images, we run the NEB Job on a total of 6 cores, which is a multiple of 3 as required.

It can be deduced from the final results for the energy reaction profile, available under the Results tab of Job Viewer, that the size of the activation energy barrier in this case is of about 0.2 eV, in agreement with the outcome of the other NEB Tutorial.